[156] The country is noted for its population density, which was an estimated 505 per square kilometer in 2015,[152] more than 10 times the global average. [230] North and South Korea are still technically at war (having never signed a peace treaty after the Korean War) and share the world's most heavily fortified border. The major administrative divisions in South Korea are eight provinces, one special self-governing province, six metropolitan cities (self-governing cities that are not part of any province), one special city and one special self-governing city. Jeju-do is about 100 kilometers (62 miles) off the southern coast of South Korea. [308], South Korea is an emerging exporter of nuclear reactors, having concluded agreements with the UAE to build and maintain four advanced nuclear reactors,[309] with Jordan for a research nuclear reactor,[310][311] and with Argentina for construction and repair of heavy-water nuclear reactors. The transition of Korea from autocracy to modern democracy was marked in 1997 by the election of Kim Dae-jung, who was sworn in as the eighth president of South Korea, on 25 February 1998. Gija Joseon was purportedly founded in the 12th century BCE, but its existence and role have been controversial in the modern era. [376] People of the upper classes built bigger houses with elegantly curved tiled roofs with lifting eaves. "Republic of Korea" and "Daehanminguk" redirect here. According to a 2015 census conducted by the Korea Statistical Information Service, of the 44 percent of the population espousing a religion, 45 percent are Protestant, 35 percent Buddhist, 18 percent Roman Catholic, and 2 percent . This includes 1,412,800 J&J, doses. Korea and the Philippines were both invaded by Japan during the WWII era, as with most Asian countries. About three thousand islands, mostly small and uninhabited, lie off the western and southern coasts of South Korea. The anti-Japanese sentiment, and the Korean War, led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time. a.) Chun and his government held South Korea under a despotic rule until 1987, when a Seoul National University student, Park Jong-chul, was tortured to death. [108], In June 2000, as part of president Kim Dae-jung's "Sunshine Policy" of engagement, a NorthSouth summit took place in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. [112] However, South Korean and Japanese relations later soured because of conflicting claims of sovereignty over the Liancourt Rocks. [316] The US has recently been wary of South Korea's burgeoning nuclear program, which South Korea insists will be for civilian use only. [246] In June 2018, president Moon Jae-in became the first South Korean leader to speak in the Russian Parliament. [27] As a result, the Korean name "Daehan Minguk" is sometimes used by South Koreans as a metonym to refer to the Korean ethnicity (or "race") as a whole, rather than just the South Korean state. [293], Furthermore, South Korea was one of the few developed countries that were able to avoid a recession during the global financial crisis. Several Korean players have gone on to play in Major League Baseball. The South Korean Army has 2,500 tanks in operation, including the K1A1 and K2 Black Panther, which form the backbone of the South Korean army's mechanized armor and infantry forces. The National Assembly ( Gukhoe) has 300 members, elected for a four-year term, 253 members in single-seat constituencies and 47 members by proportional representation. [21], The kingdom of Goryeo became first known to Westerners when Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca in 1511 and described the peoples who traded with this part of the world known by the Portuguese as the Gores. The schedules are not uniformly standardized and vary from school to school. Christianity's similarity to native religious narratives has been studied as another factor that contributed to its success in the peninsula. [345][346], In June 2009, the first spaceport of South Korea, Naro Space Center, was completed at Goheung, Jeollanam-do. [191] Yet with only limited places at the nation's most prestigious universities and even fewer places at top-tier companies, many young people remain disappointed and are often unwilling to lower their sights with the result of many feeling as though they are underachievers. There are currently 4 negotiation groups in the Assembly, formed by the Democratic, the United Future, the People's Livelihoods, and the Future Korea. [44][45] In addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties, most notably the GoguryeoSui War, in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men. In 2014, South Korea ranked second worldwide (after Singapore) in the national rankings of students' math and science scores by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) . [101], The 1953 armistice, never signed by South Korea, split the peninsula along the demilitarized zone near the original demarcation line. [251][252], Longstanding issues such as Japanese war crimes against Korean civilians, the negationist re-writing of Japanese textbooks relating Japanese atrocities during World WarII, the territorial disputes over the Liancourt Rocks, known in South Korea as "Dokdo" and in Japan as "Takeshima",[253] and visits by Japanese politicians to the Yasukuni Shrine, honoring Japanese people (civilians and military) killed during the war continue to trouble Korean-Japanese relations. Seoul hosted the Olympic Games in 1988, widely regarded as successful and a significant boost for South Korea's global image and economy. [367], The industrialization and urbanization of South Korea have brought many changes to the way modern Koreans live. [53] Later Silla was a golden age of art and culture,[54][55][56][57] as evidenced by the Hwangnyongsa, Seokguram, and Emille Bell. [323] The current pension system is divided into four categories distributing benefits to participants through national, military personnel, governmental, and private school teacher pension schemes. [292] Although it was severely harmed by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the South Korean economy managed a rapid recovery and subsequently tripled its GDP. It is a developed country with a high-income economy and is the most industrialized member country of the OECD. Unitary state A recent agreement with Novavax expands its production for a second vaccine to 40 million doses in 2022, with a $450 million investment in domestic and overseas facilities. This transition to a South Korean command has been slow and often postponed, although it is currently scheduled to occur in the early 2020s. yes South AFRICA is a sovereign state What contient is South. and sharing the land border with North Korea and Jeju. However, in 1392, General Yi Seong-gye, who had been ordered to attack China, turned his army around and staged a coup. [citation needed] In 2010, South Korea was spending 1.68 trillion in a cost-sharing agreement with the US to provide budgetary support to the US forces in Korea, on top of the 29.6 trillion budget for its own military. "M" means multiple times. [90] Through a series of successful battles of attrition, the Japanese forces were eventually forced to withdraw, and relations between all parties became normalized. There has been long-term agreement between the United States and South Korea that South Korea should eventually assume the lead for its own defense. Most states worldwide work under a unitary system of government, for . There had also been strong anti-American sentiment during certain periods, which has largely moderated in the modern day. In 1950, a North Korean invasion began the Korean War, which saw extensive American-led United Nations intervention in support of the South, while China intervened to support the North, with Soviet assistance. Is South Africa a state? The Korean language in South Korea has a standard dialect known as the Seoul dialect (after the capital city), with an additional four dialects (Chungcheong, Gangwon, Gyeongsang, and Jeolla) and one language (Jeju) in use around the country. Contents 1 History 2 Types 3 Administration But can South Korea's Big Two airlines capitalize? [157] Most South Koreans live in urban areas, because of rapid migration from the countryside during the country's quick economic expansion in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. [255] [194] A strong investment in education, a militant drive for success, as well as the passion for excellence has helped the resource-poor country rapidly grow its economy over the past 60 years from a war-torn wasteland to a prosperous first-world country. [131] Unchecked industrialization and urban development have resulted in deforestation and the ongoing destruction of wetlands such as the Songdo Tidal Flat. Liberation Day, on 15 August, celebrates Korea's liberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945. The free trade agreement was approved in September 2010, and took effect on 1 July 2011. Exporters Under the U.S.-Korea Trade Agreement", "Military Duty Exemption for Biracial Koreans Will Be Scrapped", "South Korea Beefs Up Anti-Air Defenses as North Blusters", "Korea Aerospace Signs Deal to Sell Trainer Jets to Indonesia", "Allies' future command to be led by S. Korean general: minister", "Amnesty International calls on South Korea to free conscientious objectors", "South Korean Jehovah's Witnesses Face Stigma of Not Serving in Army", "In Landmark Ruling, South Korea's Top Court Acquits Conscientious Objector", "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", South Korea: Introduction >> globalEDGE: Your source for Global Business Knowledge, Report for Selected Countries and Subjects, "OECD.Stat Education and Training > Education at a Glance > Educational attainment and labor-force status > Educational attainment of 2564 year-olds", "GDP per capita growth (annual%) Data", "Financial markets unstable in S.Korea following Cheonan sinking", "S Korea stands among world's highest-level fiscal reserve holders: IMF", "Lessons from South Korea's Chaebol economy", "South Korea Survived Recession With CEO Tactics", "South Korea GDP grew revised 6.2pc in 2010", "Surging Seoul: Traffic at Incheon Airport is booming. Kimchi (), a fermented, usually spicy vegetable dish is commonly served at every meal and is one of the best known Korean dishes. [227] On 4 October 2007, Roh Moo-Hyun and North Korean leader Kim Jong-il signed an eight-point agreement on issues of permanent peace, high-level talks, economic cooperation, renewal of train services, highway and air travel, and a joint Olympic cheering squad. [1] Such units exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. [385] Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become dominant in the modern South Korean popular music scene, though trot is still enjoyed among older South Koreans. In recent years, the country has been facing an aging population and the lowest fertility rate in the world. Today, South Korea has about 7 million Buddhists,[209] most of them affiliated to the Jogye Order. [123], On 29 October 2022, at least 153 people were crushed to death when a crowd surged in an alleyway during Halloween festivities in Seoul's Itaewon district. [365] Its rich and vibrant culture left 21 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity,[366] the fourth largest in the world,[needs update] along with 15 World Heritage Sites. Another type is jjigae (), a stew that is typically heavily seasoned with chili pepper and served boiling hot. [126] South Korea is home to three terrestrial ecoregions: Central Korean deciduous forests, Manchurian mixed forests, and Southern Korea evergreen forests.[127]. [334] From 2014 to 2019, the country ranked first among the most innovative countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index. [126], South Korea has 20 national parks and popular nature places like the Boseong Tea Fields, Suncheon Bay Ecological Park, and the first national park of Jirisan.[128]. [179], South Korea is one of the top-performing OECD countries in reading literacy, mathematics and sciences with the average student scoring 519, compared with the OECD average of 492, placing it ninth in the world. Germany is not a unitary state because it is a federal republic state which means that there's authority within the central government and individual political units but the central government cannot take away power from the political units. [185], Higher education is a serious issue in South Korean society, where it is viewed as one of the fundamental cornerstones of South Korean life. The South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism actively encourages the traditional arts, as well as modern forms, through funding and education programs. [36][37][38], During the period known as the ProtoThree Kingdoms of Korea, the states of Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye and Samhan occupied the whole Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria. Quota systems favor large, vertically integrated generators and multinational electric utilities, if only because certificates are generally denominated in units of one megawatt-hour. [130] Summer can be uncomfortably hot and humid, with temperatures exceeding 30C (86F) in most parts of the country. South Korea's efforts to build an indigenous space launch vehicle have been marred due to persistent political pressure from the United States, who had for many decades hindered South Korea's indigenous rocket and missile development programs[352] in fear of their possible connection to clandestine military ballistic missile programs, which Korea many times insisted did not violate the research and development guidelines stipulated by US-Korea agreements on restriction of South Korean rocket technology research and development. Since the 1980s, the Korean government has invested in the development of a domestic biotechnology industry, and the sector is projected to grow to $6.5 billion by 2010. [325], South Korea's old-age pension scheme covers individuals age 60 or older for the rest of their life as long as they have satisfied the minimum of 20 years of national pension coverage beforehand. South Korea has a government which is a Unitary State. Korean Independence Day falls on 1 March, and commemorates the 1 March Movement of 1919. [22] Despite the coexistence of the spellings Corea and Korea in 19th century publications, some Koreans believe that Imperial Japan, around the time of the Japanese occupation, intentionally standardized the spelling on Korea, making Japan appear first alphabetically.[23][24]. The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period. XVI E XVII", "Cartas de Afonso de Albuquerque, vol. The South Korea national team finished third in the 2006 World Baseball Classic and second in the 2009 tournament. Graduating from a top university is the ultimate marker of prestige, high socioeconomic status, promising marriage prospects, and a respectable career path. Today, the CIA World Factbook describes South Korea's democracy as a "fully functioning modern democracy". [33][35] In 108 BCE, the Han dynasty defeated Wiman Joseon and installed four commanderies in the northern Korean peninsula. The two nations have strong economic, diplomatic, and military ties, although they have at times disagreed with regard to policies towards North Korea, and with regard to some of South Korea's industrial activities that involve usage of rocket or nuclear technology. [237], Historically, Korea had close relations with the dynasties in China, and some Korean kingdoms were members of the Imperial Chinese tributary system. foreign direct investment in the U.S. has nearly doubled since 2011 from $19.7 billion to $38.8 billion in 2016, making the R.O.K. After the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, Korea was annexed by Japan (19101945). If you decide to travel to South Korea: Read the Department of State's COVID-19 page before planning any international travel, and read the Embassy's COVID-19 page for country-specific COVID-19 information. [215] Widespread Christianization of the Koreans took place during State Shinto,[215] after its abolition, and then in the independent South Korea as the newly established military government supported Christianity and tried to utterly oust native Sindo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo, which was considered a great power of East Asia during its time, in the 5th century as a shortened form of its name. South Koreans drink 13.7 shots of liquor per week on average and, of the 44 other countries analyzed, Russia, the Philippines, and Thailand follow.[368]. Various media outlets attribute the country's high suicide rate to the nationwide anxiety around the country's college entrance exams, which determine the trajectory of students' entire lives and careers. The country is the world's ninth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer. Since the 21st century, South Korea has been renowned for its globally influential pop culture, particularly in music (K-pop), TV dramas (K-dramas) and cinema, a phenomenon referred to as the Korean wave. Roh went on to win the election by a narrow margin against the two main opposition leaders, Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam. Another multibillion-dollar project was the restoration of Cheonggyecheon, a stream running through downtown Seoul that had earlier been paved over by a motorway. [274] Beginning in 2001, South Korea had so far deployed 24,000 troops in the Middle East region to support the War on Terrorism. [348] The second attempt in June 2010 was also unsuccessful. South Korea. Speed skating and figure skating are also popular, and ice hockey is an emerging sport, with Anyang Halla winning their first ever Asia League Ice Hockey title in March 2010. Male citizens 18-35 years old are required to complete at least 21 months of military service. Generals in the Japanese Army: a Chosun prince, whose rank was honorary and who commanded no troops; and Lt. Gen. Bang, Ha-Nam, Study of Korean Corporations Retirement Allowance Schemes, Korea Labor Institute, 1998. After World WarII and the division of the Korean Peninsula, about four million people from North Korea crossed the border to South Korea. A communist country also referred to as a Marxist-Leninist state, is a country that is governed and administered by a single party based on Marxist-Leninist philosophy. Basketball is a popular sport in the country as well. South Korea is a transit point for Southeast Asian fishermen subjected to forced labor on fishing ships bound for Fiji and other ports in the Pacific. What is the political system in South Korea? [169] Fertility saw some modest increase afterwards,[170] but dropped to a new global low in 2017,[171] with fewer than 30,000 births per month for the first time since records began[172] and less than 1 child per woman in 2018. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. On 10 May 2022, Yoon Suk-yeol was sworn in as South Korea's new president to succeed Moon. Football has traditionally been regarded as the most popular sport in Korea, with Baseball as the second. [citation needed], Religion in South Korea (2015 census)[209][4], According to the results of the census of 2015, more than half of the South Korean population (56.1%) declared themselves not affiliated with any religious organizations. [344], In April 2008, Yi So-yeon became the first Korean to fly in space, aboard the Russian Soyuz TMA-12. Both North and South Korea claim complete sovereignty over the entire peninsula and outlying islands. Contemporary perceptions of Japan are still largely defined by Japan's 35 year colonization of Korea in the 20th century, which is generally regarded in South Korea as having been very negative. South Korea hosted the G-20 Summit in Seoul in November 2010, a year that saw South Korea and the European Union conclude a free trade agreement (FTA) to reduce trade barriers. Popular Korean alcoholic beverages include Soju, Makgeolli and Bokbunja ju. EveR-1 has been succeeded by more complex models with improved movement and vision. Christianity is South Korea's largest organized religion, accounting for more than half of all South Korean adherents of religious organizations. [363], Since late 2020, SK Bioscience Inc. (a division of SK Group) has been producing a major proportion of the Vaxzevria vaccine (also known as COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca), under license from the University of Oxford and AstraZeneca, for worldwide distribution through the COVAX facility under the WHO hospice. This category comprises retirees who voluntarily choose to have additional benefits, individuals under the age of 27 without income, and individuals whose spouses are covered under a public welfare system, whether military, governmental, or private school teacher pensions. It remained the state religion in Later Silla (North South States Period) and Goryeo. [326] Anyone who is not employed, of the age of 60 or above, or excluded by article 6 of the National Pension Act,[327] but is of the ages between 18 and 59, is covered under the individually insured pension scheme. Traditional architecture may also be seen at the nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Korea. What you need to know before you go: visas, Embassy & Consulate locations, vaccinations, etc. [89] The prevailing ideology of the time was Neo-Confucianism, which was epitomized by the seonbi class: nobles who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity. [407], In October 2010, South Korea hosted its first Formula One race at the Korea International Circuit in Yeongam, about 400 kilometers (250mi) south of Seoul. During its height, Balhae controlled most of Manchuria and parts of the Russian Far East, and was called the "Prosperous Country in the East". companies announced plans to begin a series of projects in the U.S. over the next four years valued at $17.3 billion. [120] In April 2018, former president Park Geun-hye was sentenced to 24 years in jail, because of abuse of power and corruption. Thus,its force was diminished andit only served as a trade center until it was conquered by Goguryeo in 313. The executive and legislative branches operate primarily at the national level, although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions. [277] The vast majority of these are young men from the Jehovah's Witnesses Christian denomination. For example, migrants from China (PRC) make up 56.5% of foreign nationals, but approximately 70% of the Chinese citizens in Korea are Joseonjok (), PRC citizens of Korean ethnicity. About nine million people belong to one of the hundred different Presbyterian churches; the biggest ones are the HapDong Presbyterian Church, TongHap Presbyterian Church and the Koshin Presbyterian Church. There are ongoing reports of abuse, including forced labor, of migrant workers in the Korean fishing fleet, one of the world's largest distant-water fishing fleets. [106] On 10 June, the Catholic Priests Association for Justice revealed the incident, igniting the June Democratic Struggle across the country. Since the government only controlled the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, the informal term "South Korea" was coined, becoming increasingly common in the Western world. This impediment to South Korea's indigenous nuclear industrial undertaking has sparked occasional diplomatic rows between the two allies. [17][18][77][78] Balhae had fallen to the Khitan Empire in 926, and a decade later the last crown prince of Balhae fled south to Goryeo, where he was warmly welcomed and included into the ruling family by Wang Geon, thus unifying the two successor nations of Goguryeo. [161], South Korea is considered one of the most ethnically homogeneous societies in the world with ethnic Koreans representing approximately 96% of total population. . Education is regarded with a high priority for South Korean families, as success in education is often a source of pride for families and within South Korean society at large, and is a necessity to improve one's socioeconomic position in South Korean society. [243] Relations between the governments have cooled in response, with South Korean commercial and cultural interests in China having been targeted, and Chinese tourism to South Korea having been curtailed. Approximately 3 million people died in the Korean War, with a higher proportional civilian death toll than World War II or the Vietnam War, making it one of the deadliest conflicts of the Cold War era. [citation needed], The South Korean Navy has made its first major transformation into a blue-water navy through the formation of the Strategic Mobile Fleet, which includes a battle group of Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyers, Dokdo class amphibious assault ship, AIP-driven Type 214 submarines, and King Sejong the Great class destroyers, which is equipped with the latest baseline of Aegis fleet-defense system that allows the ships to track and destroy multiple cruise missiles and ballistic missiles simultaneously, forming an integral part of South Korea's indigenous missile defense umbrella against the North Korean military's missile threat.[268]. [9] The June Democratic Struggle led to the end of authoritarian rule in 1987 and the country is now considered among the most advanced democracies in Asia, with the highest level of press freedom on the continent.[10]. While South Koreans use Han (or Hanguk) to refer to both Koreas collectively, North Koreans and ethnic Koreans living in China and Japan use the term Joseon instead. Airlines capitalize two main opposition leaders, Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam on to win the by! Adherents of religious organizations way modern Koreans live accounting for more than half of all South Korean and Japanese later... Three thousand islands, mostly small and uninhabited, lie off the coast. Contents 1 History 2 Types 3 Administration but can South Korea 's Big two capitalize! Seasoned with chili pepper and served boiling hot schedules are not uniformly standardized vary... Most Asian countries & quot ; M & quot ; M & quot ; means multiple times World! 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